\n
\nEntry into the crypt William Burroughs shared with his mother opened and shut around a failed re-enactment of William Tell\u2019s shot through the prop placed upon a loved one\u2019s head. The accidental killing of his wife Joan completed the installation of the addictation machine that spun melancholia as manic dissemination. An early encryptment to which was added the audio portion of abuse deposited an undeliverable message in WB. William could never tell, although his corpus bears the inscription of this impossibility as another form of possibility.<\/div>\n
\nL\u2019entr\u00e9e dans la crypte \u00e0 laquelle participent William Burroughs et sa m\u00e8re s\u2019ouvre et se ferme autour d\u2019une repr\u00e9sentation \u00e9chou\u00e9e de la l\u00e9gende de Guillaume Tell essayant d\u2019atteindre une pomme plac\u00e9e sur la t\u00eate d\u2019un \u00eatre aim\u00e9. Le meurtre accidentel de sa femme ach\u00e8ve l\u2019installation de la machine d\u2019addictation qui file la m\u00e9lancolie comme une diffusion fr\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Un encodage pr\u00e9coce auquel s’ajoute une part audio de l\u2019abus induit un message impossible \u00e0 livrer en WB. William ne peut jamais le dire (tell), bien que son corps porte l\u2019inscription de cette impossibilit\u00e9 comme une autre sorte de possibilit\u00e9.<\/div>
\n
J. Godley | Images: Valentin Hennig<\/strong><\/p>\n The format of Naked Lunch<\/em> and of its predecessor, Queer<\/em>, consists of what the author called \u201croutines:\u201d short, satirical narratives which, somewhat like vaudeville routines, depict larger-than-life characters in situations of exaggerated violence and eroticism. However, this emphasis on drama derives from trauma, specifically Burroughs\u2019 shooting and killing of his common-law wife Joan Vollmer during a \u201cWilliam Tell act.\u201d This event, which he later claimed instigated his commitment to a career in writing, is transferred to Naked Lunch<\/em> in the form of routines that carry out, under their veil of dark humor, attempts to master the traumatic effects of the killing and to answer for them.<\/p>\n In September 1951, Burroughs was infatuated with Lewis Marker, a 19-year-old expatriate attending Mexico City College (Burroughs, Word Virus<\/em> 40-41). At first responsive to Burroughs\u2019 sexual advances, Marker agreed to accompany him on an expedition to South America in search of the hallucinogenic vine yag\u00e9<\/em>. At the end of their trip, now put off by Burroughs\u2019 longing, Marker returned home separately. A few days later, Burroughs, back in Mexico, had some drinks with Joan at an acquaintance\u2019s loft, where, to Burroughs\u2019 surprise, Marker was also present. Joan, who knew of the affair, and who had grown increasingly weary of Burroughs\u2019 prolonged absences and neglect of his parental responsibilities to their two children, made withering remarks and jokes about Burroughs\u2019 love of guns, among other subjects. At some time during the course of the party, Burroughs suggested to Joan that the two of them \u201cshow the guys what kind of shot old Bill is,\u201d and they staged what Burroughs called a \u201cWilliam Tell act.\u201d Joan put her gin glass on top of her head and stood at the far end of the room, whereupon Burroughs took out his revolver and shot her in the head, killing her instantly (Burroughs, Word Virus<\/em> 41).<\/p>\n The \u201cact,\u201d simultaneously performance and traumatic reality, revealed itself to Burroughs as a spontaneously composed routine which had, as its express purpose, the murder of an intimate enemy. James Grauerholz, Burroughs\u2019 adopted son and personal secretary, makes the case for the confluence of Burroughs\u2019 killing with an earlier trauma: \u201c[A]ll his life Burroughs had a dark fascination with \u2018possession\u2019 by malign spirits; his dread of possession may have had its roots in a childhood molestation by his nanny\u201d (Grauerholz 70). The nanny, Mary Evans, brought a four-year-old Burroughs with her on an excursion to the local park, where they met up with Mary’s boyfriend who, at Mary\u2019s urging, forced the boy to fellate him (Morgan 31). Burroughs\u2019 mother probably discovered something was off, because Mary was soon asked to leave. Yet the act was never conveyed to his father.<\/p>\n The question of what the father knew proved to be a point of impasse in Burroughs\u2019 psychoanalytic treatments, typified by his continually returning to, then blanking out on the molestation. At the time of one of his last treatments, Burroughs became desperate for the affections of his roommate, Jack Anderson (Morgan 74-75). In a desperate plea for attention, he performed a \u201cVan Gogh act,\u201d cutting off his pinky finger with a pair of poultry shears. He then immediately presented the finger to his analyst, Herbert Wiggers. Burroughs\u2019 biographer Ted Morgan assessed the event as the expression of the need, after the molestation, to tell his father, whereby the giving of the finger amounted to the (negative-transferentially inflected) \u2018telling\u2019 (Morgan 75).<\/p>\n Laura Lee Burroughs believed she could communicate with the dead, and occasionally had prophetic visions and dreams (Miles 21). All his life, William not only believed wholeheartedly in his mother\u2019s telepathic and prophetic powers, but believed that he sometimes possessed these abilities himself. The choice of the name William Lee as nom de plume<\/em> for his first two novels carries forward Burroughs\u2019 maternal identification into the career choice that coincided with the William Tell act, in which the untold act was also stowaway. While writing Naked Lunch<\/em>, Burroughs recalls a certain \u201cfeeling\u201d he had the day Joan died, and traced it back to a sense of fear and despair that came over him \u201cfor no outward reason\u201d when he was a child. As Burroughs writes to Allen Ginsberg:<\/p>\n I was looking into the future then. I recognize the feeling, and what I saw has not yet been realized. I can only wait for it to happen. Is it some ghastly occurrence, like Joan\u2019s death, or simply deterioration and failure and final loneliness, a dead-end set up where there is no one I can contact? I am just a crazy old bore in a bar somewhere with my routines? I don\u2019t know but I feel trapped and doomed. (Miles 76-77)<\/p>\n William paints himself in the exact colors he used to describe his mother: someone deeply sad, who can only helplessly await his doom, which he foresees approaching: \u201cShe suffered from headaches and backaches, and there was something deeply sad about her, as though she expected doom to arrive at any moment\u201d (Morgan 26). To Ginsberg, Burroughs explicitly admits he \u201chad the same feeling the day Joan died,\u201d and that this feeling is linked to a specific point in his childhood (possibly the molestation, though the event is never mentioned). Having withdrawn from drugs and temporarily unable to write the routines that kept mourning at bay, Burroughs reaches out to Ginsberg in a state of excited, even desperate urgency. Ginsberg\u2019s characteristic maternal reassurance, however, inevitably fails to meet the demand of such a charged transferential request. Thus, Burroughs\u2019 implacable demand creates the setting for a third correspondent to intervene, whose apparitional form rises to the surface as \u201cghastly\u201d or ghostly recurrence threatening to leave Burroughs in a state of \u201cfinal loneliness\u201d\u2014 abandoned even, or especially, by his dead.<\/p>\n Burroughs\u2019 references to his mother seem to follow from the image of a powerfully far-sighted, but ultimately helpless, martyr. In The Western Lands<\/em>, Burroughs depicts his mother once again as an estranged and expectant spectator: \u201cOutside a Palm Beach bungalow waiting for a taxi to the airport. My mother\u2019s kind unhappy face, last time I ever saw her\u201d (42). The next two sentences drop the sentiment: \u201cReally a blessing. She had been ill for a long time\u201d (42). The illness that Burroughs refers to is not a physical condition, but a period of senility following the death of her husband (Miles). Thus, in his beatific impression of Laura Lee the real blessing, in the end, is that she ends<\/em>. Symbols of departure\u2014the taxi, the airport\u2014promise to expedite her towards the land of the dead, whose uncanny persistence, in this world, was symptomatic of an illness that afflicted her son as much as herself.<\/p>\n The style of Laura\u2019s unmourning can be detected in the series of flower-arranging books she produced for Coca Cola in the 1930s. In one, she describes her home: \u201cIt boasts no priceless furniture nor art treasures. Everything about the room is a background for flowers\u201d (Rae). Flowers, long associated with the dead (in the pastoral tradition for instance), also represent, when arranged, one of the arts of the mortician. That she places flowers so resolutely into the foreground, in a setting otherwise devoid of emphasis, indicates a certain excess of commemoration. The family appears threatened by the floral invasion: \u201cFor years, my flower decorations in the making were a source of annoyance to my family. My efforts in the kitchen always seemed to time with the advent of a pie\u201d (Rae). With a pie in the ascendant, a more appetizing maternal introject, Laura can stow away the corpse meat, which, otherwise, the family feels she is trying to get under their skin. In his journal entry five days before the fatal heart attack, Burroughs writes:<\/p>\n So when I get to Lex\u2014my mother screaming behind me she had some idea I should go to a private nut house\u2014and I said: \u201cAll I need is [a] withdrawal cure. Period.\u201d And she was very annoyed by me and Joan taking the bull by the horns and opting for Lexington.\u00a0Mother said about Joan: \u201cShe was just like a tigress<\/em>.\u201d She said no to any enforced confinement. She was right there, and other where\u2019s and there\u2019s. What can I say\u2014Why who where can I say\u2014Tears are worthless unless genuine, tears from the soul and guts, tears that ache and wrench and hurt and tear. Tears for what was\u2014 (Grauerholz 70)<\/p>\n The withdrawal cure with which Burroughs answered his mother, the separation he needed from her, was never successful. Mourning and withdrawal on one side thus compete with the mother and addiction on the other. In between, Joan stands as the substitute that, \u201ctaking the bull by the horns,\u201d falls under the sign of the father, enabling withdrawal and mourning. The \u201ctears\u201d of mourning mirror the ache and wrenching hurt of withdrawal, but they are not genuine. The cure never goes through; mourning is refused.<\/p>\n Perhaps the most striking feature of the act named after William Tell is that it committed Burroughs to fire by proxy at the head of his own fatherhood, the sign or son of the internal father. Part of Burroughs\u2019 own sadism, besides the obvious and spectacular instance of his wife\u2019s murder, would be carried out on Billy Jr. who, at four years, was the same age as his father and namesake when he was abused by the nanny. Bill Jr., writer of Speed<\/em> and Kentucky Ham<\/em>, was consequently (as he put it) \u201cthe shattered son of Naked Lunch<\/em>\u201d (Cursed <\/em>vii). As he grew up, Billy would come to soak up his father\u2019s crimes with booze and painkillers, essentially living out the life sentence his father skipped out on. Burroughs Jr. underwent a liver transplant operation when he was thirty, which, between the lines, dislodged the crypt. A case report, from the American Journal of Psychiatry<\/em>, notes with fascination that Bill Jr. begins to see the new liver as \u201ca separate entity\u201d (Cursed<\/em> v). At first, the liver is felt to be \u201can alien piece of meat,\u201d but soon he \u201cbegan to feel he was \u2018married\u2019 to it; and in response to his surgeon\u2019s mention of \u2018foreign tissue,\u2019 he replied, \u2018that\u2019s a hell of a way to talk about my new wife\u2019\u201d (Cursed <\/em>v). The report continues: \u201cHe thought he had been given life a second time by the donor, who now existed inside him \u2018by proxy\u2019 as a separate entity\u201d (Cursed <\/em>v). Inside Bill Jr., the anonymous donor lives on in the organ of living on, the \u201cliver,\u201d and soon subsumes a certain occupancy already established: \u201cAt this point, he began to wear an earring that contained the engraving of the Virgin Mary. This concrete representation of the amalgamation of his mother and the donor (who was named Virginia) served as a talisman against damage to the transplanted liver\u201d (Cursed <\/em>v).<\/p>\n The agency of Burroughs\u2019 haunting is what I am calling, under an emblematic heading, the addictation machine, whose three terms\u2014addiction, dictation, and the adding machine\u2014circumvent, through a combined operation, sublimation and repression, in favor of a fictive autonomy that \u2018lives\u2019 in place of the subject. This construct, in turn, serves as a cipher for the system Burroughs represents and projects in the image of the viral technological enterprise of capitalism, an image at once dreaded as intensely persecuting and idealized as the status quo that protects and comforts.<\/p>\n Burroughs\u2019 addictation machine would not achieve its terminal, delusional form until after the writing of Naked Lunch<\/em>, whereupon he began a series of intensive writing experiments in order to thwart a powerful virus he believed operated through a select group (including the CIA and the Narcotics Bureau), allowing them to manipulate the thoughts, actions, and emotions of the general population through the transmission of written language and telepathy. Eventually, Burroughs attributes the name \u201cthe Ugly Spirit\u201d to this alien, infecting agent, theorizing that it originated with females, and was transmitted initially through a kind of vampiric sexual seduction. In The Western Lands<\/em>, protagonist Kim Carsons is sent to investigate \u201cwhat caused the Egyptians to go wrong and get bogged down with mummies and the need to preserve the physical body\u201d (74-75). The secret, Kim discovers, is that the Egyptians \u201chad not solved the equation imposed by a parasitic female Other Half who needs a physical body to exist, being parasitic to other bodies\u201d (75). The viral female diverts human evolution from the \u201cnatural state\u201d of homosexual physical and spiritual union, the only means by which the immortal afterworld of the Western Lands can be reached. \u201cWe have been seduced from our biologic and spiritual destiny by the Sex Enemy\u201d (75). Thus, on one side, heterosexuality, language, and telepathy take turns controlling the male subject as an invading feminine entity, mother or \u2018mummy,\u2019 causing him to experience unwanted bodily sensations and to conform to a disastrously destructive apparatus that enslaves the world\u2019s population. On the other side, homosexual \u201ccontact\u201d is idealized as a total union promising immortality, without the infirmities of the physical body or the ravages of age.<\/p>\n When Burroughs began his obsessive work on the cut-ups, which attempted to exorcise the \u201cUgly Spirit\u201d he believed was inhabiting him, his writing hooked into techno-mediatic extensions, at first as analogies to his writing process, then as a literal mode of dictation (via tape recorders, film, and automatic writing). As Ginsberg describes, \u201cthe cut-ups were originally designed to rehearse and repeat his obsession with sexual images over and over again, like a movie repeating over and over . . . and then recombined and cut up and mixed in; so that finally the obsessive attachment, compulsion and preoccupation empty out and drain from the image\u201d (Miles 138). Yet what Ginsberg, recalling Burroughs\u2019 own descriptions, was analogizing, was, as biographer Barry Miles observes, far more elaborate in practice:<\/p>\n Like a routine taken to its ultimate end, Burroughs now suspected that the entire fabric of reality was artificially conditioned and that whoever was doing the conditioning was running the universe, like an engineer running a cinema soundstage with tape machines and films. He assumed that all reality, sight, taste, smell, sound and touch was some form of hallucination and that these apparent sensory impressions were programmed into our bodies. It was another variant on the search for the controllers, the search for the Ugly Spirit that had made him kill Joan. (139)<\/p>\n However valorizing, Ginsberg\u2019s response to Burroughs\u2019 growing delusional system, nonetheless, pinpointed its device of origin: \u201cGinsberg attributed much of it to the same Burroughs inventiveness which enabled his grandfather to invent the adding machine\u201d (Miles 139).<\/p>\n William Burroughs, the grandfather, invented the first reliable prototype of the adding machine, which used hydraulics to regulate the pressure exerted on the handle pulled by its users to calculate basic arithmetic operations (Word Virus<\/em> 3). The Burroughs Adding Machine Company prospered well into the 1920s, and the money from Mortimer Burroughs\u2019 (the author\u2019s father) share in his father\u2019s company kept the family upper-middle class during the Great Depression. The image of the adding machine, therefore, evokes stability, even constancy; its operations are repetitive, yet easily manipulated. It serves as a quintessential prototype for an influencing machine, the common delusional imago of paranoid psychotics that Victor Tausk studied in his famous essay, and which Rickels relies on for his excavation of Artaud\u2019s theater of cruelty.<\/p>\n The influencing machine appears when an attempt is made to resolve \u201can out-of-phase alternation between projection and identification\u201d (Rickels, Aberrations <\/em>150).<\/em> Like drugs in Avital Ronell\u2019s reading of Madame Bovary<\/em>, which provide \u201ca discreet if spectacular way out\u201d of deadlocked identifications (60), the influencing machine purveys the possibility of a new autonomy. Essentially, the influencing machine takes the whole psychic apparatus, as it is organized around the projection of sense organs and skews it, while retaining the complexity of the psyche\u2019s functions. For his case illustration, Tausk presents his patient, Natalija A. Like Burroughs, Natalia A. writes in the mode of live transmission, as if by dictation: for many years she has been \u201cwriting everything down in lieu of her absent hearing\u201d (Rickels, Aberrations <\/em>149). In analysis, Natalija gradually reveals the shape and scope of a delusional structure that administers identification with a persecutor \u201csuch that everything the enemy wants and does happens to the victim\u201d (Rickels, Aberrations<\/em> 149). From this position, a period of intense sensations of alteration follows, which eventually becomes projected or externalized as an all-powerful machine. In time, \u201cenemy agents, often physicians and professors, crowd the projection booth\u201d and are granted control over the subject \u201cto the extent that they always demand, and usually obtain, transfer of libido onto themselves\u201d (Rickels, Aberrations<\/em> 149).<\/p>\n Burroughs\u2019 history on the couch (with Freudian, Jungian, and Reichian analysts) transfers, in his novels, into the manipulation of thought by those who employ, among other methods, psychoanalysis as part of an elaborate process of rendering subjects susceptible to suggestion. In Naked Lunch<\/em>, Dr. Benway, a former psychoanalyst, is introduced, in different places, as a practicing surgeon and \u201ca manipulator and coordinator of symbol systems, an expert on all phases of interrogation, brainwashing and control\u201d (19, 51). As with the doctors and professors at the controls of Natalija\u2019s influencing machine, Benway uses a delusional system to invade and indoctrinate his subjects\u2019 thoughts, which he also, often sadistically, intends to \u2018protect.\u2019<\/p>\n The supervision the addictation machine administers as regression or suggestion causes Burroughs to lapse into a state of radical alterity in which, as is the case with Natalija, \u201cnarcissistic libido and object libido are opposed\u201d to such a degree that even the maintenance of \u201csexual preference and identity\u201d become unhinged (Rickels, Aberrations<\/em> 149). Dr. Benway recalls the case of a female agent \u201cwho forgot her real identity and merged with her cover story\u201d (24). This turns him onto the idea that agents can be made to repress their actual identity behind the fiction they are compelled, by necessity, to repeat. Thus, \u201chis agent identity becomes unconscious, that is, out of his control; and you can dig it with drugs and hypnosis\u201d (24). Intoxicants and mind control thus take turns revealing and manipulating a secret agency that becomes totally dependent on the narcotic power of the interrogator, to the extent that sexual object choice, too, is assigned by an omnipotent other: \u201cYou can make a square heterosex citizen queer with this angle\u201d (24). The threat implied in this reversal, that it transfers autonomy to another scene, is urgent enough for Burroughs to wonder whether the \u201clifelong addiction to a cellular cover\u201d could ever be removed (275). Burroughs describes his self-state under the influence of addiction as a \u2018cover,\u2019 such that \u201cwhen the cover is removed, everything that was held in check by junk spills out\u201d (Word Virus<\/em> 90). The cover is an elaborate construction and includes, to some extent, gender identifications and sexual object choice: \u201c[H]omosexuality is the best all-around cover an agent can have\u201d (Naked Lunch<\/em> 180).<\/p>\n However, prior to projection and identification, Tausk theorizes an \u201cinborn narcissism,\u201d according to which the infant, entirely a sexual being, is, in effect, a body-genital (Rickels, Aberrations <\/em>150). Organs and their functions retain this vulnerable position when battling the progression of the ego as and in relation to the outside world. This \u201cinborn narcissism,\u201d a polymorphous Inter-zone of self-relations, lacks the facility to distinguish the boundaries between inner and outer realities. In a tight spot, the influencing machine constitutes the sort of cover story that the protective sheath of addiction also provides: \u201c[B]y succumbing to an influencing machine, the schizophrenic casts out an emergency projection of his own body to circumvent regression\u201d to inborn narcissism (Rickels, Aberrations <\/em>150). In Naked Lunch<\/em>, addiction allows its subjects to stagger forward as junk-sick reflections of the body, pursuing a purpose alien to the ego\u2019s sense of its own agency or identity.<\/p>\n Burroughs describes the process of finding a \u201cuseable vein\u201d in a way analogous to the operation of a recording medium: \u201cThe body knows what veins you can hit and conveys this knowledge in the spontaneous movements you make preparing to take a shot . . . Sometimes the needle points like a dowser\u2019s wand. Sometimes I must wait for the message. But when it comes I always hit blood\u201d (Naked Lunch<\/em> 56). The \u201cmessage\u201d he \u201cmust wait for\u201d recalls the picture he has of his mother in the receiving position \u201cas though she expected doom to arrive at any moment\u201d (Morgan 26). Thus, the message from the medium of junk is also his mother, the medium\u2019s message of doom that she transmits to her son via the \u201cMan Inside,\u201d the pusher at the controls guiding the addict\u2019s movements. If Lee is off his mark by a few days or a few grams, he either risks being totally devoured by the melancholic introject (suicide by overdose) or submitting to the withdrawal pains of mourning. Suspended between the threats of suicide and murder on one track, and libido and destrudo, on the other, addiction keeps him safe from himself in the meantime, the time of waiting.<\/p>\n In an audio recording, \u201cThe Last Words of Hassan Sabbah,\u201d Burroughs interrogates his paternal name, as if it had been withholding some secret that had to be thrown into the visible world like a techno-mediatic projection: \u201cAll right, Mister Burroughs, who bears my name and my words, bear it all the way, for all to see, in Times Square, in Piccadilly. Play it all, play it all, play it all back! Pay it all, pay it all, pay it all back!\u201d (\u201cLast Words of Hassan Sabbah\u201d). Both the adding machine and the name \u2018Burroughs,\u2019 which pays while it plays, keeps a record of gains and losses that, upon demand, must release its invisible calculations before the public it has manipulated.<\/p>\n In Rickels\u2019 reading of Freud\u2019s case study of Ratman (\u201cNotes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis\u201d), the rejection of the patronymic (rather than his identification with it) resulted in Ratman\u2019s adoption of the \u201crat\u201d totem as the heading for guilty payments to the dead father which never suffice to balance the account of death wishes which endlessly circulate and rebound without destination (Aberrations <\/em>163). For Burroughs, the unpayable debt is symbolized in the signifying constellation of the adding machine. In an economy of scores and hits, pushers and marks, adding machine and addiction perform a combined operation, tabulating the effectuality of the dose, appropriating loss into every calculation or addition. Burroughs calls this the Algebra of Need:<\/p>\n If you wish to alter or annihilate a pyramid of numbers in a serial relation, you alter or remove the bottom number. If we wish to annihilate the junk pyramid, we must start with the bottom of the pyramid: the Addict in the Street, and stop tilting quixotically for the \u201chigher ups\u201d so called, all of whom are immediately replaceable. The addict in the street who must have junk to live is the one irreplaceable factor in the junk equation. When there are no more addicts to buy junk there will be no junk traffic. As long as junk need exists, someone will service it. (Naked Lunch<\/em> 201-02)<\/p>\n The only way to cancel the debt is by removing the \u201cbottom number\u201d of the equation. Burroughs\u2019 solution threatens the commercial enterprise that profited his grandfather, who, by careful calculation (before he started his adding machine company he was a bank clerk), made himself a \u2018higher up\u2019 on the money\/junk pyramid by producing a machine that computed \u201cserial relations.\u201d But William Burroughs II, the addict in the street, not in addition or serial relation to his paternal line, removed himself from the patronymic, calling himself by his mother\u2019s maiden name for his first two novels.<\/p>\n The pyramid scheme, indeed a pharaoh\u2019s or father\u2019s tomb, consists of an interment, at the bottom level, guarded by many levels of elaborate traps, snares and false exits that mimic the effects of the devouring mouth. In Naked Lunch<\/em>, addicts are prone to a thousand horrible fates: they overdose, they become absorbed in someone else\u2019s body, or they get shot, lynched, burned alive, tortured, mind-controlled\u2014and always to someone else\u2019s profit (until the addicts, themselves, also succumb to some grisly fate). Each successive layer of power (or the autonomy and exercise of power, because \u2018hooked,\u2019 is always only an illusion) depends on its subsistence by devouring and assimilating the lower levels, such that the only way to break out of the junk pyramid is to remove the bottom layer. Taking out the bottom, expelling it, follows an anal reception of withdrawal and rehabilitation. Under the aegis<\/em> of renewed sphincteral training, the addict can learn to let go of his oral dependency. The \u201ctalking asshole,\u201d as introduced by Dr. Benway, thus appears as a prescription (by a former psychoanalyst forcibly expelled from the Vienna Circle). But it also doubles as a proposed antidote to maternal encryptment, an \u201call-purpose hole\u201d that evacuates what it incorporates (110).<\/p>\n Like cartoons and comics, Burroughs\u2019 Hieronymus Bosch-like anthropomorphic and physically inverted figurines\u2014Mugwumps, monster centipedes, the talking asshole\u2014all follow the fecal re-routing and lubrication of identifications with the pre-Oedipal or primal father. Caricature, as Rickels argues by way of Ernst Kris\u2019 Psychoanalytical Explorations in Art<\/em>, is aimed at the libidinous satisfaction of aggressive impulses, which \u201callows for more bearable acceptance of father down the laugh track\u201d (Vampire Lectures<\/em> 276). Adding to the store of the ego\u2019s techniques for getting around and getting along with the strictures of the paternal superego, these comic inscriptions were originally conceived via caricature\u2019s \u201cautoplastic ancestor,\u201d the grimace (Rickels, California<\/em> 40). The psychotic defends against a foreign body\u2019s immanent takeover through repeated grimacing before his own mirror image, a routine of trying on different personae: he attempts to save \u201cface by making faces which, like apotropaic masks, also ward off the demons\u201d (Rickels, California<\/em> 44).<\/p>\n The donning of faces, masks, or alter-egos is thus an attempt at stabilizing the psychotic\u2019s fragile contact with an outside world, protecting him from impending threats of possession. In Naked Lunch<\/em>\u2019s \u201cPost-Script\u201d Burroughs writes:<\/p>\n Sooner or later the Vigilante, the Rube, Lee the Agent [\u2026] Doc Benway, \u201cFingers\u201d Schaefer are subject to say the same thing in the same words, to occupy, at that intersection point, the same position in space-time. Using a common vocal apparatus complete with all metabolic appliances\u2014that is, to be the same person\u2014a most inaccurate way of expressing Recognition: the junky naked in sunlight. (186)<\/p>\n Note that the point of cathexis<\/em>, or occupation in \u201cspace-time,\u201d of these prosthetic personae requires an artificial medium for speaking rigged to a technologized metabolism of \u201cappliances\u201d or serviceable organs. The effect of this technological reordering of the body then expresses \u201crecognition\u201d as inaccurate, as a foreign body illegible to the other’s readout. This foreign antibody left \u201cnaked in sunlight\u201d\u2014the un-key\u2014links up the son with the father watching him through the mirror:<\/p>\n The writer seeing himself reading to the mirror as always . . . He must check now and again to reassure himself that the Crime of Separate Action has not, is not, cannot occur . . . Anyone who has looked in the mirror knows what this crime is and what it means in terms of lost control when the reflection no longer obeys . . . Too late to dial p o l i c e <\/em>…. (186)<\/p>\n The demons threaten to take possession, if reading the mediumistic message to the mirror succeeds in finding recognition\u2014in making the specular image a spook or dead junky.<\/p>\n Burroughs\u2019 \u201ctalking asshole\u201d routine represents an attempt to short-circuit the possessing entity\u2019s manipulations by removing the self from the field of the father\u2019s influence. This is what Artaud attempts in his theater of cruelty when he breaks from \u201cthe dictation-dictatorship of phonic linearity\u201d by producing an alternate transmission of linguistic meaning (Naked Lunch<\/em> 135). Instead of making \u2018sense\u2019 in a linear way, Artaud would \u201crecycle the refuse of language . . . including the lapsus, the stutter, and . . . even the rumbling of the stomach and other sounds\u201d (135). Similarly, the talking asshole delivers its messages on a \u201cgut frequency;\u201d its speech emerges synaesthetically, as \u201ca bubbly thick stagnant sound, a sound you could smell\u201d<\/em> (Naked Lunch<\/em> 111). The smell-sound provokes an internal reaction in the listener, to the extent that hearing the asshole speak is also an auto-auscultation: it \u201chit you right down there like you gotta go\u201d (111). Even before the anecdote begins, Benway\u2019s associate, Dr. Schaefer complains that he cannot get a certain \u201cstench\u201d out of his lungs. This mysterious, stinky internalization, like a rotting corpse, leads Schaefer to bemoan the \u201cscandalous inefficiency\u201d of the human body, with a mouth and anus that can get \u201cout of order\u201d (111). Instead, why not \u201cseal up nose and mouth, fill in the stomach, make an air hole direct to the lungs where it should have been in the first place?\u201d (111). If this were the case, after all, no poisons or corpses would ever be incorporated, and nothing that was already being retained would ever have to be let go. Thus, what has been incorporated is not being properly metabolized, leading Schaefer to fantasize \u201cone all-purpose hole to eat and<\/em> eliminate,\u201d in effect, a process of internalization less subject to aberrant, secret transformations and mysterious blockages (111).<\/p>\n Insofar as the working-through of loss necessarily involves active psycho-somatic metabolization, the \u201call-purpose hole\u201d excludes mourning altogether. In the story, the man\u2019s asshole not only takes over his speech, speaking for him, but also dispossesses him of eating and digestion. The anus develops \u201csort of teeth-like little raspy incurving hooks,\u201d then tells the man \u201cwe don\u2019t need you around here anymore. I can talk and eat and<\/em> shit\u201d (110). But, watch the slip: the \u201cwe\u201d that the asshole drops blows the cover of a secret encryptment. The asshole turns on the man, takes over his bodily functions, and develops a parasitic growth, a \u201cvirus\u201d that grows until it effectively destroys the man, parallelling the way Burroughs once described his routines: turning on him, growing more insane, a \u201cliteral growth like cancer\u201d (Miles 75).<\/p>\n Rickels follows Karl Abraham\u2019s theory of archaic mourning down to the close-range distinction between the divergent ways in which melancholia and paranoia preserve lost objects:<\/p>\n The Urmund, especially the anus with teeth, opens onto the anal\/oral recycling system of archaic mourning which, veiled by resistance to chewing or biting, is lodged, according to a logic of double projection, inside paranoia. The aperture of paranoid projection is thus the anus: whereas the melancholic\u2019s introjection of the lost object is oral and, hence, total, addressing the entire corpse which must be swallowed whole, intact and undisclosed, the paranoid incorporates anally only body parts. (California<\/em> 141)<\/p>\n The talking asshole\u2019s \u201craspy, little incurving hooks\u201d develop (as combined biting-mouth and anus) in order to break apart the distrusted objects it incorporates. At first, the man dictates to the asshole what lines to use and when; then, after a while, when this ventriloquism becomes habit or routine, the asshole stokes the current of addiction and takes over.<\/p>\n The staging of the routine was inspired by a barker at the flesh fair: \u201cHe had a number he called \u201cThe Better \u2018Ole\u201d that was a scream\u201d (Naked Lunch<\/em> 111). The B movie reference Burroughs makes in this allusion is a primal scream of cinema. As only the second full-length sound picture, \u201cThe Better \u2018Ole,\u201d starring Syd Chaplin (the shadowy older brother of the silent Chaplin), used the short-lived Vitaphone method of recording sound on a disc that was separate from the film reel (as opposed to \u2018live\u2019 synchronous recording, Fristoe). The film premiered a year before the Jazz Singer<\/em>, the first formal \u201ctalkie.\u201d The \u201c\u2018Ole\u201d in the title refers to the foxholes of World War I (a line in the film goes: \u201cIf you know of a better \u2018ole\u2014go to it!\u201d); but of course, Burroughs recognizes its other scene. Talking cinema, like speech itself according to Jones, premieres from the other orifice that the oral, respiratory function supersedes only secondarily. Burroughs\u2019 blueprint for surviving in the midst of the addictation machine\u2019s persecutions also parallels the advance of sound into cinema. In the case of both cinema and the talking asshole, a mere accessory to the specular realm \u2018takes over,\u2019 becoming \u201cthe sex that passes the censors, squeezes through between bureaus, because there\u2019s always a space between, in popular songs and Grade B movies, giving away the basic American rottenness, spurting out like breaking boils, throwing out globs of that un-D.T. to fall anywhere and grow into some degenerate cancerous life-form, reproducing a hideous random image\u201d (Naked Lunch<\/em> 112). From sound to sight, America exhibits, in the anal underworld of B cinema and popular songs, something that rots away at the foundation.<\/p>\n Thus, what starts as a private affliction, a secret burial lodged in the anus of a subject unwilling or unable to mourn, becomes an unstoppable force, a viral pandemic, that infects through technical-mediatic outlets, turning millions into corpse-carrying machines. This, in sum, is Burroughs\u2019 great fear for the planet: that it will be overrun by what are, essentially, zombies. The cold, inhuman part of us that exerts its influence most palpably when we are dependent on \u2018substances\u2019 (like zombies hooked on brains) is also the part of us that would wish or strike dead the parts of ourselves that exert autonomy of any sort (especially libidinal). The addictation machine, finally, is not entirely within Burroughs, but is an entity that exists in the Interzone between psychical and social reality\u2014in culture at large\u2014whose immanent takeover promises to be irrevocable and final.<\/p>\n Works Cited<\/strong><\/p>\n Burroughs, William S. \u201cLast Words of Hassan Sabbah.\u201d Nothing Here Now But the Recordings: From the <\/em>Burroughs Archives<\/em>. Industrial Records IR0016, 1981. LP.<\/p>\n —. Naked Lunch: The Restored Text<\/em>. Ed. James Grauerholz and Barry Miles.\u00a0New York: Grove Press, 2001. Print.<\/p>\n —. The Western Lands. <\/em>New York: Viking Penguin, 1987. Print.<\/p>\n —. Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader<\/em>. Eds. James Grauerholz and Ira Silverberg. New\u00a0York: Grove Press, 1998. Print.<\/p>\n Burroughs Jr., William S. Cursed From Birth: The Short, Unhappy Life of William S. Burroughs Jr. <\/em>Ed.\u00a0David Ohle. Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press, 2006. Print.<\/p>\n Fristoe, Roger. \u201cThe Better \u2018Ole.\u201d tcm.com<\/em>. Turner Classic Movies, 2009. Web. 21 June 2009.\u00a0http:\/\/www.tcm.com\/thismonth\/article.jsp?cid=87381&mainArticleId=179925<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Grauerholz, James. \u201cThe Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs: What Really Happened?\u201d Old\u00a0Lawrence. lawrence.com<\/em>, 9 December 2003. Web. 2 August 2008. http:\/\/old.lawrence.com\/burroughs\/deathofjoan-full.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Miles, Barry. William Burroughs: El Hombre Invisible<\/em>. 2nd<\/sup> ed. London: Virgin Books Ltd, 2002. Print.<\/p>\n Morgan, Ted. Literary Outlaw: The Life and Times of William S. Burroughs<\/em>. New York: Henry Holt and\u00a0Company, 1988. Print.<\/p>\n Rae, Graham. \u201cLike Mother, Like Son.\u201d RealityStudio. Realitystudio.org<\/em>, 10 November 2001. Web. 7\u00a0June 2009. http:\/\/realitystudio.org\/biography\/like-mother-like-son<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Rickels, Laurence A. Aberrations of Mourning: Writing on German Crypts<\/em>. Detroit: Wayne State UP,\u00a01988. Print.<\/p>\n —. The Case of California<\/em>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1991. Print.<\/p>\n —. The Vampire Lectures<\/em>. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1999. Print.<\/p>\n Ronell, Avital. Crack Wars: Literature, Addiction, Mania<\/em>. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1992. Print.<\/p>\n This article is licensed under a \u00a0Creative Commons 3.0 License<\/a> although certain works referenced herein may be separately licensed, or the author has exercised their right to fair dealing\u00a0under the\u00a0Canadian Copyright Act<\/em>.<\/p>\nAddiction Machines<\/h4>\n
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<\/a><\/p>\nI.<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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<\/a><\/p>\nII.<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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<\/a><\/p>\nIII.<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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